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--- - Sat Nov 23 06:30:22 2024
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*** 0 ****
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+ [(zation)-295 (e)15 (x)15 (ecutes)-295 (at)-295 (close)-295 (to)-295 (the)-295 (speed)-295 (of)-295 (the)-295 (hardw)10 (are)-295 (operations)-295 (while)-295 (reserving)-295 (only)-295 (tw)10 (o)-295 (bits)-295 (in)]TJ
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+ [(each)-296 (object.)-297 (Our)-296 (algorithm,)-297 (in)-296 (its)-297 (basic)-296 (form,)-297 (uses)-296 (a)-296 (t)0 (w)10 (o-le)25 (v)15 (e)0 (l)-296 (\(\322meta\323\))-297 (locking)-296 (scheme,)-297 (with)-296 (an)]TJ
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+ T*
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+ [(2 Backgr)18 (ound)]TJ
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+ T*
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+ [(ing)-324 (perfect)-324 (nesting)-324 (of)-324 (locking)-324 (operations.)-324 (At)-323 (the)-325 (source)-323 (le)25 (v)15 (el,)-324 (there)-323 (is)-324 (no)-324 (w)10 (a)0 (y)-323 (t)0 (o)-324 (e)15 (xpress)-324 (unbal-)]TJ
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+ [(There)-309 (is)-308 (a)-309 (lar)18 (ge)-308 (general)-309 (literature)-308 (on)-309 (synchronization)-307 (primiti)25 (v)15 (e)0 (s)-309 (and)-308 (their)-309 (implementation.)-308 (Dijk-)]TJ
+ 0 -1.1667 TD
+ [(stra)-278 ([9])-277 (and)-278 (Lamport)-277 ([16])-278 (present)-279 (subtle)-278 (algorithms)-278 (that)-278 (achie)25 (v)15 (e)-278 (mutual)-278 (e)15 (xclusion)-277 (assuming)-278 (only)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(that)-289 (indi)25 (vidual)-290 (reads)-289 (and)-288 (writes)-289 (are)-290 (atomic.)-289 (F)15 (ortunately)65 (,)-290 (modern)-289 (architectures)-289 (pro)16 (vide)-290 (composite)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(instructions)-287 (such)-287 (as)-286 (compare-and-sw)10 (ap)-287 (that)-287 (read)-286 (and)-287 (write)-287 (a)-287 (memory)-287 (location)-286 (in)-287 (a)-288 (single)-287 (atomic)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(step,)-241 (greatly)-241 (simplifying)-241 (the)-241 (mutual)-241 (e)15 (xclusion)-242 (problem)-241 (and)-241 (eliminating)-241 (the)-241 (need)-241 (for)-241 (such)-242 (subtlety)65 (.)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(W)80 (e)-276 (shall)-277 (refer)-277 (to)-276 (the)-276 (composite)-277 (atomic)-276 (instructions)-276 (simply)-277 (as)-276 (\322atomic)-276 (instructions.)70 (\323)-277 (W)81 (eakly)-277 (con-)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(sistent)-245 (memory)-243 (models,)-244 (which)-245 (allo)25 (w)-244 (dif)24 (ferent)-244 (processors)-245 (to)-244 (observ)15 (e)-244 (memory)-244 (operations)-244 (as)-244 (occur-)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(ring)-501 (in)-500 (dif)25 (ferent)-500 (orders,)-500 (may)-500 (require)-500 (the)-500 (use)-500 (of)-500 (memory)-500 (barrier)-500 (instructions)-500 (to)-500 (reintroduce)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(consistenc)15 (y)65 (,)0 ( whether using indi)25 (vidual reads and writes or atomic instructions.)]TJ
+ 0 -1.75 TD
+ [(In)-247 (its)-247 (broad)-246 (structure,)-247 (our)-247 (meta-lock)-246 (resembles)-247 (the)-247 (MCS-lock)-246 (of)-247 (Mellor)20 (-Crumme)15 (y)-247 (and)-247 (Scott)-246 ([20].)]TJ
+ 0 -1.1667 TD
+ [(The)-261 (MCS-lock)-261 (uses)-261 (an)-261 (atomic)-261 (sw)10 (ap)-261 (for)-261 (lock)-261 (acquisition)-261 (and)-261 (an)-261 (atomic)-261 (compare-and-sw)10 (ap)-261 (\()]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 36.8667 0 TD
+ (CAS)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 1.8 0 TD
+ (\))Tj
+ -38.6667 -1.1667 TD
+ [(for)-251 (lock)-250 (release)-251 (in)-250 (much)-250 (the)-250 (same)-250 (w)10 (a)0 (y)-250 (a)0 (s)-250 (does)-250 (our)-249 (meta-lock)-251 (algorithm.)-250 (The)-250 (MCS-lock)-250 (has)-250 (man)15 (y)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(of)-377 (the)-377 (same)-377 (properties)-377 (as)-377 (our)-377 (meta-lock,)-377 (including)-377 (starv)25 (ation)-377 (freedom)-377 (and)-378 (FIFO)-377 (access)-377 (to)-378 (the)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(lock.)-245 (Ho)25 (we)25 (v)15 (e)0 (r)40 (,)-244 (the)-245 (details)-245 (are)-244 (quite)-245 (dif)25 (ferent)-245 (and,)-244 (in)-244 (particular)40 (,)-244 (contention)-244 (results)-244 (in)-245 (b)20 (usy-w)11 (aiting.)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(Also,)-285 (space-ef)25 (\336cienc)15 (y)-285 (i)0 (s)-285 (not)-284 (as)-285 (e)15 (xtreme)-285 (a)-285 (concern)-285 (in)-284 (the)-285 (conte)15 (xt)-285 (of)-284 (their)-285 (w)10 (ork.)-285 (Magnusson)]TJ
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+ T*
+ [(of)25 (fer dif)25 (ferent performance trade-of)26 (fs.)]TJ
+ 0 -1.75 TD
+ [(Brinch)-249 (Hansen)-248 ([11])-248 (and)-248 (Hoare)-249 ([12])-249 (coined)-248 (the)-249 (term)]TJ
+ /N94 1 Tf
+ 20.8983 0 TD
+ (monitor)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 3.1267 0 TD
+ [(,)-249 (and)-248 (pro)16 (vided)-249 (the)-248 (nomenclature)-248 (used)]TJ
+ -24.025 -1.1667 TD
+ [(by)-226 (the)-226 (Ja)21 (v)25 (a)-226 (language.)-226 (There)-225 (are)-226 (se)26 (v)15 (eral)-226 (w)9 (ays,)-225 (ho)25 (we)24 (v)15 (e)0 (r)40 (,)-226 (in)-226 (which)-226 (the)-226 (monitors)-225 (in)-226 (the)-225 (Ja)20 (v)25 (a)-226 (language)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(dif)25 (fer)-355 (from)-354 (the)-354 (original:)-354 (an)15 (y)-355 (object)-354 (may)-354 (be)-355 (used)-354 (as)-354 (a)-355 (monitor)41 (,)-354 (monitors)-355 (may)-354 (be)-355 (entered)-354 (recur-)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(si)25 (v)15 (ely)65 (,)-382 (and)-383 (monitors)-383 (pro)15 (vide)-382 (a)-384 (single)-383 (implicit,)-383 (rather)-382 (than)-383 (possibly)-382 (se)25 (v)15 (eral)-383 (e)15 (xplicit,)-383 (\322condition)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(v)25 (ariables.)70 (\323)-379 (Birrell)-380 (gi)26 (v)15 (e)0 (s)-379 (a)0 (n)-380 (e)16 (xcellent)-380 (tutorial)-379 (on)-380 (programming)-379 (with)-379 (\322standard\323)-379 (synchronization)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(primiti)25 (v)15 (e)0 (s)-235 ([5].)-236 (As)-236 (we)-236 (ha)20 (v)15 (e)-236 (discussed,)-235 (the)-236 (synchronization)-235 (primiti)25 (v)15 (e)0 (s)-236 (o)0 (f)-235 (the)-236 (Ja)21 (v)25 (a)-236 (platform)-236 (are)-236 (dif)25 (\336-)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(cult)-262 (to)-262 (implement)-262 (in)-262 (a)-262 (manner)-262 (that)-262 (is)-261 (both)-262 (time-)-262 (and)-262 (space-ef)25 (\336cient.)-262 (Scalability)-262 (to)-262 (multiprocessor)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(systems)-444 (is)-444 (another)-444 (important)-443 (concern.)-444 (W)80 (e)-444 (shall)-444 (no)25 (w)-444 (discuss)-443 (some)-444 (pre)25 (vious)-444 (implementations)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(focusing on the approach the)15 (y tak)10 (e to trading of)25 (f these concerns.)]TJ
+ 0 -1.75 TD
+ [(The)-342 (original)-343 (JDK\252)-342 (implementation)-342 (of)-343 (the)-343 (Ja)21 (v)25 (a)-343 (virtual)-343 (machine)-342 ([18])-343 (pro)16 (vides)-343 (a)-343 (space-ef)25 (\336cient)]TJ
+ 0 -1.1667 TD
+ [(monitor)-374 (implementation,)-373 (b)20 (u)0 (t)-374 (one)-374 (that)-374 (is)-375 (not)-374 (particularly)-374 (time-ef)25 (\336cient)-374 (or)-374 (scalable.)-374 (This)-374 (design)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(requires)-260 (that)-260 (each)-260 (object)-260 (has)-260 (a)-260 (unique)-260 (identi\336er)-260 (v)25 (alid)-260 (o)14 (v)16 (er)-260 (its)-260 (lifetime.)-260 (The)-260 (actual)-260 (implementation)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(uses)-336 (an)]TJ
+ /N94 1 Tf
+ 3.3392 0 TD
+ [(object)-337 (table)]TJ
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 5.1175 0 TD
+ [(whose)-337 (entries)-336 (are)-336 (called)]TJ
+ /N94 1 Tf
+ 10.1758 0 TD
+ (handles)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 3.1108 0 TD
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+ -21.7433 -1.1667 TD
+ [(f)10 (acilitate)-251 (object)-252 (compaction.)-251 (The)-251 (handle)-251 (address)-251 (of)-251 (an)-252 (object)-251 (remains)-251 (constant)-251 (during)-251 (the)-251 (object\325)55 (s)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(lifetime,)-335 (and)-336 (can)-336 (therefore)-336 (serv)15 (e)-336 (a)0 (s)-335 (a)-336 (unique)-335 (identi\336er)55 (.)-336 (A)-335 (global)-336 (table)-336 (called)-336 (the)]TJ
+ /N94 1 Tf
+ 33.18 0 TD
+ [(monitor)-336 (cac)16 (he)]TJ
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ -33.18 -1.1667 TD
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+ T*
+ [(chronization)-242 (operations.)-242 (When)-243 (a)-242 (thread)-243 (synchronizes)-242 (on)-242 (an)-243 (object,)-243 (it)-242 (\336rst)-242 (ensures)-243 (that)-242 (the)-243 (monitor)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(cache)-309 (maps)-309 (the)-309 (object)-309 (to)-309 (a)-309 (monitor)41 (,)-309 (creating)-309 (and)-309 (installing)-308 (the)-309 (monitor)-309 (in)-309 (the)-309 (table)-309 (if)-309 (necessary)66 (.)]TJ
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+ T*
+ [(entries)-399 (in)-399 (the)-399 (monitor)-399 (cache.)-399 (Ho)25 (we)25 (v)15 (e)0 (r)40 (,)-398 (it)-399 (is)-399 (f)10 (airly)-399 (time-inef)25 (\336cient,)-399 (since)-398 (each)-399 (synchronization)]TJ
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+ T*
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+ T*
+ [(currently)65 (.)-260 (T)79 (o)-260 (mak)10 (e)-260 (this)-261 (concurrent)-260 (access)-260 (safe,)-261 (the)-260 (monitor)-260 (cache)-260 (is)-260 (protected)-260 (by)-260 (a)-260 (lock.)-260 (Thus,)-260 (all)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(synchronization)-367 (operations)-367 (obtain)-367 (a)-368 (single)-367 (lock,)-368 (an)-367 (ob)15 (vious)-367 (source)-367 (of)-368 (contention.)-367 (The)-367 (monitor)]TJ
+ T*
+ (cache locking also adds some cost in the uncontended case.)Tj
+ ET
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+ userdict /pgsave get restore
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+ -5.0742 -1.1667 TD
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+ /N92 1 Tf
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+ -6.7 -1.1667 TD
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+ T*
+ [(zation)-305 (operations.)-305 (Thin)-305 (locks)-305 (are)-305 (used)-304 (as)-305 (long)-304 (as)-305 (the)-305 (lock)-305 (is)-305 (uncontended,)-305 (and)-305 (is)-305 (not)-304 (recursi)24 (v)15 (ely)]TJ
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+ T*
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+ T*
+ [(tions,)-264 (with)-264 (only)-264 (one)-263 (atomic)-264 (instruction)-263 (in)-264 (the)-265 (f)10 (ast)-264 (path,)-264 (and)-263 (unlocking)-264 (requires)-264 (no)-263 (atomic)-264 (instruc-)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(tion. Ho)25 (we)25 (v)15 (e)0 (r)40 (,)0 ( thin locks lea)20 (v)15 (e)0 ( some issues to be addressed:)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
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+ -4.9383 -1.1667 TD
+ [(the)-240 (lock)-240 (must)]TJ
+ /N94 1 Tf
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+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 4.1083 0 TD
+ [(\(a.k.a.)-240 (spin\))-239 (until)-239 (the)-240 (lock)-239 (is)-240 (released.)-240 (Unbounded)-239 (b)20 (usy-w)10 (aiting)-239 (is)-240 (gen-)]TJ
+ -9.7158 -1.1667 TD
+ [(erally)-303 (undesirable)-303 (b)20 (ut,)-304 (as)-303 (the)-304 (authors)-303 (point)-303 (out,)-304 (b)20 (usy-w)10 (aiting)-303 (is)-304 (done)-303 (at)-304 (most)-302 (once)-304 (in)-303 (the)-304 (life-)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(time)-309 (of)-308 (a)-308 (g)0 (i)25 (v)15 (en)-308 (object.)-308 (Still,)-309 (it)-308 (w)10 (ould)-309 (not)-308 (be)-308 (hard)-308 (to)-309 (construct)-308 (a)-308 (program)-308 (that)-308 (does)-309 (contended)]TJ
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+ [(some)-381 (form)-380 (of)-380 (de\337ation,)-380 (such)-380 (a)-380 (program)-380 (w)10 (ould)-380 (consume)-381 (a)-380 (lar)18 (ge)-380 (amount)-381 (of)-380 (memory)-379 (for)-381 (f)10 (a)0 (t)]TJ
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+ -8.4683 -1.1667 TD
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+ 0 -1.1667 TD
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+ T*
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+ T*
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+ T*
+ [(ti)25 (v)15 (e)-293 (thread)-293 (systems,)-292 (locking)-292 (and)-292 (unlocking)-292 (can)-292 (be)-293 (implemented)-292 (straightforw)10 (ardly)65 (.)-292 (I)0 (n)-292 (preempti)25 (v)15 (e)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(systems,)-344 (a)-343 (more)-343 (complicated)-343 (test-and-set)-344 (protocol)-343 (on)-343 (one)-343 (of)-344 (the)-344 (bits)-344 (in)-344 (the)-343 (header)-344 (w)10 (ord)-344 (grants)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(e)15 (xclusi)25 (v)15 (e)0 ( access to at most one thread; other threads b)21 (usy-w)10 (ait for their turn.)]TJ
+ 0 -1.75 TD
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+ 0 -1.1667 TD
+ [(its)-237 (format)-236 (and)-236 (the)-236 (lock)-236 (state.)-236 (W)80 (e)-236 (use)-236 (a)-236 (dif)24 (ferent)-235 (allocation)-237 (scheme)-236 (to)-236 (support)-237 (non-block-structured)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(synchronization and emplo)11 (y a b)20 (usy-w)10 (ait-free protocol to protect the header w)11 (ord.)]TJ
+ ET
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+ userdict /pgsave get restore
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+ (metaLockMutex)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 7.8 0 TD
+ 0 Tw
+ (/)Tj
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 0.2783 0 TD
+ (metaLockCondvar)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 8.96 0 TD
+ [(,)-279 (a)-279 (\336eld)-279 (to)-279 (record)-279 (the)-279 (successor\325)55 (s)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 13.4792 0 TD
+ (EE)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 1.2 0 TD
+ [(,)-279 (and)]TJ
+ -37.0267 -1.1667 TD
+ [(se)25 (v)15 (eral)-252 (booleans)-251 (used)-252 (to)-252 (coordinate)-251 (the)-252 (transfer)-252 (of)-252 (the)-252 (v)25 (alue)-252 (of)-251 (the)-252 (release)-252 (bits.)-252 (The)-252 (mute)15 (x)-253 (i)0 (s)-251 (used)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(to)-271 (ensure)-271 (that)-272 (the)-270 (threads)-271 (participating)-271 (in)-271 (the)-270 (hand-of)25 (f)-271 (update)-271 (the)-271 (other)-271 (\336elds)-271 (in)-271 (the)-270 (correct)-271 (order)55 (.)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(The)-310 (condition)-310 (v)25 (ariable)-310 (is)-310 (used)-310 (to)-309 (block)-310 (whiche)25 (v)15 (e)0 (r)-310 (thread)-310 (enters)-310 (the)-310 (hand-of)25 (f)-310 (\336rst)-311 (until)-309 (the)-310 (other)]TJ
+ T*
+ (thread is ready to complete the transaction.)Tj
+ 0 -1.75 TD
+ [(The)-247 (hand-of)25 (f)-248 (protocol)-248 (proceeds)-247 (in)-248 (one)-248 (of)-248 (tw)10 (o)-247 (w)9 (ays,)-248 (as)-248 (sho)25 (wn)-248 (in)-248 (Figure)-250 (6.)-247 (The)-248 (predecessor)-247 (thread)]TJ
+ 0 -1.1667 TD
+ [(releasing)-238 (the)-239 (meta-lock)-239 (and)-238 (the)-239 (successor)-239 (thread)-238 (attempting)-239 (to)-239 (acquire)-239 (it)-238 (\322race\323)-239 (to)-239 (acquire)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 36 0 TD
+ (meta-)Tj
+ -36 -1.1667 TD
+ (LockMutex)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 5.63 0 TD
+ [(in)-230 (the)-230 (predecessor)-231 (thread\325)55 (s)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 10.8075 0 TD
+ (EE)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 1.2 0 TD
+ [(.)-231 (I)0 (f)-230 (the)-230 (predecessor)-231 (thread)-230 (wins)-230 (the)-230 (race,)-231 (it)-230 (will)-231 (set)-231 (the)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ -17.6375 -1.1667 TD
+ (bitsForGrab)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 6.8858 0 TD
+ [(\336eld)-286 (in)-285 (its)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 4.3583 0 TD
+ (EE)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 1.4858 0 TD
+ (to)Tj
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 1.0642 0 TD
+ (TRUE)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 2.4 0 TD
+ [(.)-286 (I)0 (f)-286 (the)-286 (successor)-285 (thread)-286 (wins)-286 (the)-285 (race,)-287 (it)-286 (will)-286 (change)-286 (the)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ -16.1942 -1.1667 TD
+ (succEE)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 3.9225 0 TD
+ [(\336eld)-322 (of)-322 (its)-322 (predecessor\325)55 (s)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 10.2308 0 TD
+ (EE)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 1.5225 0 TD
+ [(from)-322 (the)-322 (def)10 (ault)-322 (v)25 (alue)-322 (of)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 10.5175 0 TD
+ (NULL)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 2.7217 0 TD
+ [(to)-323 (the)-321 (address)-323 (of)-322 (its)-322 (o)25 (w)0 (n)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ -28.915 -1.1667 TD
+ (EE)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 1.2 0 TD
+ [(.)-303 (Thus,)-302 (each)-303 (thread)-303 (may)-303 (determine)-302 (whether)-302 (it)-302 (w)9 (o)0 (n)-302 (the)-303 (race)-302 (by)-302 (noting)-302 (whether)-303 (the)-302 (competitor)]TJ
+ -1.2 -1.1667 TD
+ (has made the corresponding change.)Tj
+ /N94 1 Tf
+ 0 -1.75 TD
+ [(Case)-238 (1:)-239 (successor)-238 (\(acquiring\))-238 (thr)37 (ead)-238 (wins)-238 (r)16 (ace)15 (.)]TJ
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 19.35 0 TD
+ [(When)-239 (the)-238 (successor)-239 (thread)-238 (obtains)-238 (the)-238 (mute)15 (x)-238 (and)]TJ
+ -19.35 -1.1667 TD
+ [(its)-228 (predecessor\325)56 (s)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 6.7883 0 TD
+ (bitsForGrab)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 6.8283 0 TD
+ [(\336eld)-228 (is)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 2.9017 0 TD
+ (FALSE)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 3 0 TD
+ [(,)-227 (i)0 (t)-229 (kno)25 (ws)-228 (it)-228 (acquired)-228 (the)-228 (mute)15 (x)-228 (before)-228 (the)-228 (prede-)]TJ
+ -19.5183 -1.1667 TD
+ [(cessor)55 (.)-247 (I)0 (n)-247 (this)-247 (e)25 (v)15 (ent,)-247 (it)-247 (updates)-247 (the)-247 (predecessors\325)55 (s)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 19.9342 0 TD
+ (succEE)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 3.6 0 TD
+ [(,)-247 (and)-248 (w)10 (aits)-248 (for)-246 (the)-247 (predecessor)-247 (to)-247 (com-)]TJ
+ -23.5342 -1.1667 TD
+ [(plete)-241 (the)-240 (transaction.)-240 (When)-241 (the)-240 (predecessor)-241 (acquires)-240 (the)-240 (mute)15 (x,)-241 (it)-241 (notes)-241 (from)-241 (the)-240 (non-)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 34.2183 0 TD
+ (NULL)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 2.6408 0 TD
+ [(v)25 (alue)]TJ
+ -36.8592 -1.1667 TD
+ [(in)-274 (its)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 2.2725 0 TD
+ (succEE)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 3.875 0 TD
+ [(\336eld)-274 (that)-275 (the)-275 (successor)-274 (went)-274 (\336rst,)-275 (and)-275 (therefore)-275 (completes)-274 (the)-275 (meta-lock)-274 (hand-of)25 (f)]TJ
+ -6.1475 -1.1667 TD
+ [(by)-317 (setting)-318 (the)-318 (successor\325)55 (s)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 10.6592 0 TD
+ (metaLockBits)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 7.5175 0 TD
+ [(to)-318 (the)-318 (release)-318 (bits,)-317 (setting)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 10.7275 0 TD
+ (gotMetaLockSlow)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 9.3175 0 TD
+ (to)Tj
+ -38.2217 -1.1667 TD
+ [(indicate)-313 (that)-313 (those)-313 (bits)-313 (are)-314 (v)25 (alid,)-313 (and)-313 (w)10 (aking)-313 (the)-314 (successor)-313 (by)-313 (signalling)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
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+ (metaLockCondvar)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 8.945 0 TD
+ (.)Tj
+ -38.75 -1.1667 TD
+ [(Finally)65 (,)-314 (the)-314 (predecessor)-315 (releases)-314 (the)-314 (mute)15 (x,)-314 (allo)25 (wing)-314 (the)-315 (successor)-314 (to)-314 (continue,)-314 (ha)20 (ving)-314 (acquired)]TJ
+ T*
+ (the meta-lock.)Tj
+ /N94 1 Tf
+ 0 -1.75 TD
+ [(Case)-292 (2:)-291 (pr)37 (edecessor)-292 (\(r)37 (eleasing\))-290 (thr)37 (ead)-292 (wins)-291 (r)15 (ace)15 (.)]TJ
+ /N92 1 Tf
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+ [(Here)-292 (the)-291 (predecessor)-291 (thread)-292 (determines)-291 (that)-292 (it)]TJ
+ -20.4233 -1.1667 TD
+ [(acquired)-272 (the)-272 (mute)14 (x)-272 (\336rst)-272 (by)-272 (noting)-272 (that)-272 (its)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 16.885 0 TD
+ (succEE)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 3.8725 0 TD
+ [(\336eld)-272 (is)-272 (still)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 4.7625 0 TD
+ (NULL)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 2.4 0 TD
+ [(.)-272 (I)0 (t)-272 (does)-272 (not)-273 (kno)25 (w)-272 (the)-272 (iden-)]TJ
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+ /N95 1 Tf
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+ -36 -1.1667 TD
+ (LockBits)Tj
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+ 5.1058 0 TD
+ [(\336eld)-307 (of)-306 (its)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 4.475 0 TD
+ (EE)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 1.5067 0 TD
+ [(to)-306 (the)-306 (proper)-306 (release)-306 (bits)-306 (v)25 (alue,)-306 (and)-306 (sets)-307 (the)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 18.1442 0 TD
+ (bitsForGrab)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 6.9058 0 TD
+ [(\336eld)-306 (to)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ -36.1375 -1.1667 TD
+ (TRUE)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 2.625 0 TD
+ [(to)-226 (indicate)-225 (that)-226 (those)-226 (bits)-225 (are)-226 (v)25 (alid,)-226 (and)-225 (w)10 (aits)-225 (for)-226 (the)-225 (successor)-225 (to)-225 (read)-226 (the)-225 (bits)-225 (\(releasing)-226 (the)]TJ
+ -2.625 -1.1667 TD
+ [(mute)15 (x)-264 (i)0 (n)-264 (the)-265 (process\).)-264 (The)-264 (successor)-264 (thread)-264 (obtains)-265 (the)-264 (mute)15 (x,)-265 (sees)-264 (that)-265 (its)-264 (predecessor\325)55 (s)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 36 0 TD
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+ -36 -1.1667 TD
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+ 4.5008 0 TD
+ (is)Tj
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 0.9675 0 TD
+ (TRUE)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 2.4 0 TD
+ [(,)-301 (and)-300 (thus)-300 (realizes)-301 (that)-301 (it)-301 (has)-300 (acquired)-300 (the)-300 (mute)15 (x)-301 (second,)-300 (and)-301 (that)-301 (the)-300 (release)]TJ
+ -7.8683 -1.1667 TD
+ [(bits)-243 (are)-243 (a)20 (v)25 (ailable)-243 (in)-244 (its)-242 (predecessor\325)55 (s)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 14.8008 0 TD
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+ /N92 1 Tf
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+ [(\336eld.)-243 (It)-243 (copies)-243 (those)-244 (bits,)-242 (resets)-244 (the)-243 (prede-)]TJ
+ -22.2442 -1.1667 TD
+ [(cessor\325)55 (s)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 3.4392 0 TD
+ (bitsForGrab)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 6.8733 0 TD
+ [(to)-274 (the)-273 (def)10 (ault)-273 (v)25 (alue)-273 (of)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 9.1075 0 TD
+ (FALSE)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 3.2733 0 TD
+ [(to)-273 (indicate)-274 (that)-272 (the)-274 (hand-of)25 (f)-273 (i)0 (s)-274 (complete,)]TJ
+ -22.6933 -1.1667 TD
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+ T*
+ [(mute)15 (x.)]TJ
+ 0 -1.75 TD
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+ 0 -1.1667 TD
+ [(the)-240 (e)16 (x)15 (ecution)-239 (of)-239 (the)-240 (atomic)-239 (sw)9 (ap)-239 (operations.)-239 (A)-240 (thread)-239 (need)-239 (only)-239 (w)9 (ait)-239 (for)-239 (threads)-239 (ahead)-240 (of)-239 (it)-240 (in)-239 (the)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(sw)10 (ap)-254 (order)40 (,)-253 (s)0 (o)-254 (i)0 (f)-254 (n)0 (o)-253 (thread)-254 (blocks)-253 (inde\336nitely)-254 (while)-254 (holding)-254 (the)-254 (meta-lock,)-254 (all)-253 (threads)-254 (attempting)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(to acquire the meta-lock will e)26 (v)15 (entually succeed.)]TJ
+ 0 -1.75 TD
+ [(Armed)-300 (with)-299 (this)-299 (meta-lock,)-299 (we)-299 (no)25 (w)-300 (proceed)-299 (to)-299 (implement)-298 (the)-300 (monitor)-299 (operations:)-299 (lock,)-300 (unlock,)]TJ
+ 0 -1.1667 TD
+ [(w)10 (ait,)-445 (and)-444 (notify)65 (.)-444 (Because)-444 (the)-445 (meta-lock)-444 (arbitrates)-445 (access)-444 (among)-445 (contending)-444 (threads,)-444 (we)-444 (can)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(implement)-323 (monitor)-323 (operations)-323 (using)-324 (a)-324 (number)-323 (of)-323 (dif)25 (ferent)-324 (data)-323 (structures)-323 (and)-323 (of)25 (fer)-323 (a)-323 (v)25 (ariety)-323 (of)]TJ
+ ET
+ PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
+ userdict /pgsave get restore
+ showpage
+ %%PageTrailer
+ %%EndPage
+ %%Page: 14 14
+ %%BeginPageSetup
+ userdict /pgsave save put
+ PDFVars begin PDF begin PDFVars/InitAll get exec
+ %%EndPageSetup
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+ /N93 /ExtGState findRes gs
+ 1 i
+ 0 0 612 792 re
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+ BT
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 12 0 0 12 300 34.17 Tm
+ 0 g
+ 0 Tc
+ (11)Tj
+ -19 29.6525 TD
+ [(semantics)-329 ([7].)-329 (W)80 (e)-329 (ha)20 (v)15 (e)-329 (chosen)-329 (an)-329 (implementation)-328 (that)-329 (uses)-329 (a)-329 (simple)-329 (link)9 (ed)-328 (list)-329 (of)-329 (lock)-329 (records)]TJ
+ 0 -1.1667 TD
+ 0 Tw
+ [(and gi)25 (v)15 (es equal preference to a)16 (w)10 (ak)10 (ened w)10 (aiters and ne)26 (wly arri)25 (v)15 (ed threads.)]TJ
+ /N91 1 Tf
+ 14 0 0 14 72 343.67 Tm
+ (4.3 Locking and unlocking objects)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 12 0 0 12 72 319 Tm
+ [(Acquiring)-379 (and)-379 (releasing)-379 (the)-380 (monitor)21 (-lock)-379 (of)-379 (an)-379 (object)-378 (corresponds)-379 (to)-379 (entering)-379 (and)-379 (e)15 (xiting)-379 (the)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(object\325)55 (s)-359 (monitor)55 (.)-359 (Figure)-250 (7)-360 (sho)25 (ws)-359 (the)-360 (f)10 (ast-path)-359 (implementation)-359 (for)-360 (these)-359 (operations.)-359 (Most)-360 (com-)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(monly)65 (,)-279 (the)-279 (object)-279 (being)-279 (monitor)21 (-lock)10 (ed)-279 (is)-279 (either)-279 (unlock)10 (ed\321in)-279 (a)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 26.0975 0 TD
+ (NEUTRAL)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 4.4783 0 TD
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+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 1.1125 0 TD
+ (WAITERS)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 4.4783 0 TD
+ (state\321)Tj
+ -36.1667 -1.1667 TD
+ [(or)-349 (being)-350 (lock)10 (ed)-350 (recursi)25 (v)15 (ely)65 (.)-350 (I)0 (n)-350 (these)-350 (cases,)-350 (the)-350 (locking)-350 (thread)-350 (simply)-349 (updates)-350 (the)-350 (object\325)55 (s)-350 (syn-)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(chronization)-360 (data;)-360 (it)-360 (need)-359 (not)-360 (interact)-360 (with)-359 (other)-360 (threads.)-360 (Lik)10 (e)25 (wise,)-359 (when)-360 (unlocking)-360 (an)-360 (object,)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(there)-269 (are)-269 (tw)10 (o)-269 (cases)-269 (that)-269 (in)40 (v)20 (olv)16 (e)-269 (n)0 (o)-269 (interaction)-269 (with)-269 (other)-269 (threads:)-270 (the)-269 (unlocking)-269 (thread)-269 (has)-269 (recur-)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(si)25 (v)15 (ely)-280 (lock)10 (ed)-279 (the)-280 (object,)-279 (in)-279 (which)-279 (case)-279 (it)-280 (simply)-279 (decrements)-279 (the)-280 (lock)-280 (count;)-279 (or)-279 (there)-279 (are)-280 (no)-279 (other)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(threads)-272 (attempting)-272 (to)-273 (acquire)-272 (a)-272 (singly-held)-272 (lock,)-272 (in)-272 (which)-273 (case)-272 (it)-272 (restores)-271 (the)-272 (displaced)-272 (multi-use)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(w)10 (ord v)25 (alue, which has the)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 10.685 0 TD
+ (NEUTRAL)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 4.2 0 TD
+ ( lock state.)Tj
+ -14.885 -1.75 TD
+ [(The)-332 (remaining)-332 (cases)-332 (in)40 (v)20 (olv)16 (e)-333 (threads)-333 (contending)-332 (for)-332 (the)-332 (monitor)20 (-lock;)-332 (see)-333 (Figure)-250 (8.)-332 (Much)-333 (as)-332 (in)]TJ
+ 0 -1.1667 TD
+ [(meta-lock)-244 (hand-of)25 (f,)-244 (we)-245 (use)-244 (a)-244 (per)20 (-thread)-245 (mute)15 (x)-244 (and)-244 (condition)-244 (v)25 (ariable)-245 (to)-244 (coordinate)-244 (acquiring)-244 (and)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(releasing)-356 (threads.)-355 (When)-355 (a)-355 (thread)-356 (attempts)-355 (to)-356 (acquire)-355 (a)-355 (monitor)20 (-lock)-355 (b)20 (u)0 (t)-356 (\336nds)-355 (it)-356 (lock)10 (ed,)-355 (it)-356 (sus-)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(pends)-232 (on)-232 (a)-232 (condition)-233 (v)25 (ariable)-232 (in)-232 (its)-232 (o)25 (w)0 (n)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 16.0292 0 TD
+ (EE)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 1.2 0 TD
+ [(,)-232 (w)10 (aiting)-232 (to)-232 (be)-233 (signalled)-232 (by)-232 (a)-233 (lock-releasing)-232 (thread)-232 (that)]TJ
+ -17.2292 -1.1667 TD
+ [(it)-285 (should)-285 (re-attempt)-285 (the)-285 (acquisition.)-285 (When)-284 (the)-285 (acquiring)-284 (thread)-285 (recei)25 (v)15 (e)0 (s)-284 (this)-285 (signal,)-285 (it)-285 (repeats)-285 (the)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(lock-acquisition)-250 (slo)25 (w)-250 (path:)-250 (it)-251 (acquires)-249 (the)-250 (object\325)55 (s)-250 (meta-lock)-250 (and)-250 (checks)-250 (the)-250 (object\325)55 (s)-250 (lock)-250 (state.)-250 (If)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(the)-384 (state)-384 (is)-385 (no)25 (w)-384 (dif)25 (ferent)-384 (from)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 13.0842 0 TD
+ (LOCKED)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 3.6 0 TD
+ [(,)-384 (i)0 (t)-384 (adjusts)-384 (the)-384 (synchronization)-383 (data)-384 (to)-384 (indicate)-384 (that)-384 (it)]TJ
+ -16.6842 -1.1667 TD
+ [(holds)-267 (the)-267 (monitor)20 (-lock)-267 (and)-267 (releases)-267 (the)-267 (meta-lock;)-267 (if)-267 (the)-268 (state)-267 (is)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 25.9725 0 TD
+ (LOCKED)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 3.6 0 TD
+ [(,)-268 (the)-267 (thread)-268 (releases)-267 (the)]TJ
+ -29.5725 -1.1667 TD
+ [(meta-lock and w)10 (aits again.)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 8 0 0 8 309 705.67 Tm
+ (void releaseMetaLockSlow\(ExecEnv *ee,)Tj
+ 15 -1.25 TD
+ [(BitField)-544 (releaseBits\))-544 ({)]TJ
+ -13.8 -1.25 TD
+ (/* We are in a race with our successor to)Tj
+ 1.8 -1.25 TD
+ (lock ee->metaLockMutex; the winner of)Tj
+ T*
+ (the race waits for the loser. */)Tj
+ -1.8 -1.25 TD
+ (mutexLock\(&ee->metaLockMutex\);)Tj
+ T*
+ (if \(ee->succEE\) {)Tj
+ 1.2 -1.25 TD
+ (/* Lost the race: */)Tj
+ T*
+ (assert\(!ee->succEE->bitsForGrab\);)Tj
+ T*
+ (assert\(!ee->bitsForGrab\);)Tj
+ T*
+ (assert\(!ee->succEE->gotMetaLockSlow\);)Tj
+ T*
+ [(ee->succEE->metaLockBits)-2400 (= releaseBits;)]TJ
+ T*
+ (ee->succEE->gotMetaLockSlow = TRUE;)Tj
+ T*
+ (ee->succEE = NULL;)Tj
+ T*
+ (condvarSignal\(&ee->metaLockCondvar\);)Tj
+ -1.2 -1.25 TD
+ (} else {)Tj
+ 1.2 -1.25 TD
+ (/* Won the race: */)Tj
+ T*
+ (ee->metaLockBits = releaseBits;)Tj
+ T*
+ [(ee->bitsForGrab)-1200 (= TRUE;)]TJ
+ T*
+ (do {)Tj
+ 1.2 -1.25 TD
+ (condvarWait\(&ee->metaLockCondvar,)Tj
+ 7.2 -1.25 TD
+ (&ee->metaLockMutex\);)Tj
+ -8.4 -1.25 TD
+ (} while \(ee->bitsForGrab\);)Tj
+ -1.2 -1.25 TD
+ (})Tj
+ T*
+ (mutexUnlock\(&ee->metaLockMutex\);)Tj
+ -1.2 -1.25 TD
+ (})Tj
+ -29.125 31.25 TD
+ (BitField getMetaLockSlow\(ExecEnv *ee,)Tj
+ 15 -1.25 TD
+ (BitField predBits\) {)Tj
+ -13.8 -1.25 TD
+ (BitField bits;)Tj
+ T*
+ (ExecEnv *predEE = busyEE\(predBits\);)Tj
+ T*
+ (assert\(getLockState\(predBits\) == BUSY\);)Tj
+ T*
+ (mutexLock\(&predEE->metaLockMutex\);)Tj
+ T*
+ (if \(!predEE->bitsForGrab\) {)Tj
+ 1.2 -1.25 TD
+ (/* Won the race: */)Tj
+ T*
+ (predEE->succEE = ee;)Tj
+ T*
+ (do {)Tj
+ 1.2 -1.25 TD
+ (condvarWait\(&predEE->metaLockCondvar,)Tj
+ 7.2 -1.25 TD
+ (&predEE->metaLockMutex\);)Tj
+ -8.4 -1.25 TD
+ (} while \(!ee->gotMetaLockSlow\);)Tj
+ T*
+ (ee->gotMetaLockSlow = FALSE;)Tj
+ T*
+ (bits = ee->metaLockBits;)Tj
+ -1.2 -1.25 TD
+ (} else {)Tj
+ 1.2 -1.25 TD
+ (/* Lost the race: */)Tj
+ T*
+ (bits = predEE->metaLockBits;)Tj
+ T*
+ (predEE->bitsForGrab = FALSE;)Tj
+ T*
+ (condvarSignal\(&predEE->metaLockCondvar\);)Tj
+ -1.2 -1.25 TD
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+ /N95 1 Tf
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+ -23.4267 -1.1667 TD
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+ /N95 1 Tf
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+ -4.925 -1.75 TD
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+ 0 -1.1667 TD
+ [(ensuring freedom from lock)11 (out.)]TJ
+ /N91 1 Tf
+ 16 0 0 16 72 215.33 Tm
+ (6 Extensions to the basic algorithm)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 12 0 0 12 72 192 Tm
+ [(In)-239 (this)-238 (section,)-238 (we)-239 (discuss)-238 (e)16 (xtensions)-238 (to)-239 (our)-238 (algorithm,)-238 (related)-239 (to)-238 (management)-238 (of)-239 (lock)-238 (records)-239 (and)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(optimization)-250 (of)-249 (cases)-249 (where)-249 (we)-250 (may)-249 (safely)-249 (a)20 (v)20 (oid)-249 (meta-locking)-249 (because)-249 (the)-250 (change)-250 (in)-249 (the)-250 (object\325)55 (s)]TJ
+ T*
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+ T*
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+ /N95 1 Tf
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+ (operations.)Tj
+ ET
+ PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
+ userdict /pgsave get restore
+ showpage
+ %%PageTrailer
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+ 0 -1.1667 TD
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+ T*
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+ T*
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+ T*
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+ T*
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+ 0 -1.1667 TD
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+ T*
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+ T*
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+ /N95 1 Tf
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+ T*
+ [(see)-267 (Figure)-250 (4,)-267 (allo)25 (ws)-266 (the)-267 (queue)-267 (\336eld)-266 (to)-267 (be)-267 (preset)-267 (to)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
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+ /N92 1 Tf
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+ -22.8183 -1.1667 TD
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+ /N95 1 Tf
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+ T*
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+ T*
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+ 0 -1.75 TD
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+ 0 -1.1667 TD
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+ T*
+ [(a)-234 (g)0 (i)25 (v)15 (en)-235 (thread)-234 (only)-234 (gro)25 (ws;)-235 (there)-234 (is)-235 (no)-235 (pro)15 (vision)-234 (for)-235 (remo)15 (ving)-234 (lock)-235 (records)-234 (from)-234 (a)-235 (thread\325)55 (s)-235 (free)-234 (list)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(if)-264 (the)-264 (thread)-263 (brie\337y)-264 (locks)-264 (man)15 (y)-264 (objects,)-264 (b)21 (u)0 (t)-264 (usually)-263 (locks)-264 (fe)25 (w)65 (.)-263 (This)-264 (is)-264 (not)-264 (so)-264 (bad;)-264 (the)-264 (\322high)-264 (w)10 (ater)]TJ
+ T*
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+ T*
+ [(mum)-245 (le)15 (xical)-245 (nesting)-245 (depth)-245 (of)-245 (synchronized)-244 (statements)-245 (\(at)-245 (least)-245 (for)-246 (bytecode)-245 (created)-245 (by)-245 (compiling)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(Ja)20 (v)25 (a)-373 (language)-373 (source)-372 (code,)-374 (as)-373 (discussed)-373 (in)-373 (Section)-373 (2.2\).)-374 (If)-372 (we)-373 (wished)-374 (to)-373 (add)-373 (a)-374 (mechanism)-372 (to)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(return)-238 (lock)-239 (records)-238 (on)-238 (free)-238 (lists)-238 (to)-238 (the)-238 (global)-238 (memory)-238 (pool,)-238 (it)-238 (w)9 (ould)-238 (be)-238 (a)-238 (simple)-239 (matter)-237 (to)-239 (do)-238 (so)-238 (as)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(part)-257 (of)-257 (garbage)-257 (collection,)-257 (as)-258 (long)-257 (as)-258 (we)-257 (can)-258 (guarantee)-257 (that)-257 (no)-257 (thread)-258 (is)-257 (accessing)-257 (the)-258 (lock)-257 (record)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(free)-261 (list)-262 (during)-261 (garbage)-262 (collection.)-261 (Our)-262 (system)-261 (has)-261 (a)-261 (general)-261 (mechanism)-261 (for)-261 (restricting)-261 (when)-261 (gar-)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(bage collection occurs that can be used to pro)16 (vide this guarantee.)]TJ
+ /N91 1 Tf
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+ (6.2 Extra fast locking and unlocking of uncontended objects)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 12 0 0 12 72 251 Tm
+ [(W)80 (e)-238 (can)-238 (optimize)-238 (the)-238 (algorithm)-238 (further)-238 (in)-239 (the)-238 (case)-238 (of)-239 (uncontended)-238 (objects.)-238 (This)-239 (optimization)-238 (fuses)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(the)-390 (meta-lock)-389 (and)-389 (monitor)21 (-lock)-390 (operations)-389 (into)-390 (a)-389 (single)-389 (step.)-390 (W)40 (ith)-389 (this)-390 (optimization,)-389 (a)-389 (thread)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(attempting)-293 (to)-294 (lock)-293 (an)-294 (object)-293 (reads)-293 (the)-294 (object\325)55 (s)-293 (multi-use)-293 (w)10 (ord.)-294 (If)-294 (the)-293 (object\325)55 (s)-293 (lock)-293 (state)-294 (is)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
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+ (NEU-)Tj
+ -36.6 -1.1667 TD
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+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 2.4 0 TD
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+ -2.4 -1.1667 TD
+ [(record)-233 (and)-233 (b)20 (uilds)-234 (a)-233 (n)0 (e)25 (w)-234 (multi-use)-233 (v)25 (alue)-233 (containing)-234 (the)-234 (lock)-234 (record)-233 (address)-233 (and)-233 (the)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 33.0833 0 TD
+ (LOCKED)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 3.8333 0 TD
+ (state.)Tj
+ -36.9167 -1.1667 TD
+ (A)Tj
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 0.99 0 TD
+ (CAS)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 2.0675 0 TD
+ [(instruction)-268 (is)-268 (then)-267 (used)-268 (to)-268 (atomically)-267 (change)-268 (the)-268 (multi-use)-268 (w)10 (ord)-268 (to)-268 (the)-268 (ne)26 (w)-268 (v)25 (alue)-268 (if)-267 (it)-267 (has)]TJ
+ -3.0575 -1.1667 TD
+ [(not)-279 (changed)-279 (since)-280 (it)-280 (w)10 (a)0 (s)-280 (read.)-280 (If)-280 (the)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 14.8633 0 TD
+ (CAS)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 2.08 0 TD
+ [(succeeds,)-279 (then)-280 (the)-280 (object)-280 (is)-280 (lock)10 (ed;)-280 (otherwise,)-280 (the)-280 (nor-)]TJ
+ -16.9433 -1.1667 TD
+ [(mal)-249 (meta-locking)-249 (protocol)-248 (is)-250 (used.)-249 (W)40 (ith)-249 (this)-249 (optimization,)-249 (the)-249 (e)15 (xtra)-248 (f)10 (ast)-249 (path)-249 (for)-249 (locking)-249 (uses)-249 (one)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(atomic)-292 (instruction)-291 (rather)-292 (than)-292 (the)-291 (tw)10 (o)-292 (needed)-292 (for)-291 (meta-locking)-292 (and)-292 (meta-unlocking)-292 (and)-292 (the)-291 (total)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(number of instructions is smaller \(15 SP)93 (ARC\252 instructions\).)]TJ
+ 0 -1.75 TD
+ [(A)-287 (similar)-287 (e)15 (xtra)-287 (f)10 (ast)-286 (path)-287 (for)-287 (unlocking)-286 (is)-287 (slightly)-286 (more)-287 (complicated.)-287 (When)-287 (the)-287 (e)16 (xtra)-287 (f)11 (ast)-287 (locking)]TJ
+ 0 -1.1667 TD
+ [(path)-230 (succeeds,)-230 (the)-230 (only)-229 (lock)-230 (record)-229 (in)-230 (its)-229 (queue)-230 (is)-230 (that)-230 (of)-229 (the)-230 (locking)-229 (thread;)-230 (the)-230 (queue)-229 (\336eld)-230 (of)-229 (that)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(lock)-225 (record)-225 (is)]TJ
+ /N95 1 Tf
+ 5.6192 0 TD
+ (NULL)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 2.4 0 TD
+ [(.)-225 (Another)-225 (thread)-225 (may)-225 (add)-225 (a)-225 (lock)-225 (record)-225 (to)-225 (the)-225 (queue,)-226 (changing)-225 (this)-225 (queue)-225 (\336eld)]TJ
+ ET
+ PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
+ userdict /pgsave get restore
+ showpage
+ %%PageTrailer
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+ (NULL)Tj
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+ [(.)-258 (Unfortunately)65 (,)-259 (this)-258 (\322double-compare-and-sw)10 (ap\323)-258 (operation)-259 (is)-259 (not)-259 (supported)-258 (in)-259 (man)15 (y)-259 (archi-)]TJ
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+ userdict /pgsave get restore
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+ ET
+ PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
+ userdict /pgsave get restore
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+ 0 -1.1667 TD
+ [(accurately)65 (.)-314 (I)0 (n)-314 (the)-315 (w)10 (orst)-315 (case,)-314 (a)-315 (program)-314 (will)-314 (synchronize)-314 (on)-314 (e)25 (v)15 (ery)-315 (object)-314 (allocated)-315 (\(see)-314 (Section)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(2.2\),)-252 (making)-252 (the)-252 (w)10 (orst-case)-252 (space)-252 (cost)-251 (of)-252 (our)-252 (algorithm,)-252 (as)-252 (well)-251 (as)-252 (of)-252 (an)15 (y)-252 (other)-252 (algorithm)-252 (that)-252 (we)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(kno)25 (w)-235 (of,)-235 (proportional)-234 (to)-235 (the)-235 (size)-235 (of)-234 (the)-235 (heap.)-234 (F)15 (ortunately)65 (,)-235 (this)-235 (number)-235 (is)-235 (f)10 (a)0 (r)-235 (more)-235 (pessimistic)-235 (than)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(the)-242 (beha)20 (vior)-242 (typical)-243 (programs)-242 (e)15 (xhibit.)-243 (T)80 (able)-250 (2)-243 (sho)26 (ws)-243 (that)-242 (for)-242 (our)-243 (benchmarks,)-242 (the)-243 (total)-242 (number)-242 (of)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(lock)-225 (records)-225 (allocated)-225 (is)-225 (v)15 (ery)-225 (small,)-225 (and)-225 (pales)-225 (in)-225 (comparison)-225 (with)-225 (the)-225 (total)-225 (number)-226 (of)-224 (objects)-225 (allo-)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(cated.)-240 (Moreo)14 (v)15 (e)0 (r)40 (,)-240 (at)-240 (24)-240 (bytes)-241 (per)-240 (lock)-240 (record,)-240 (e)25 (v)15 (en)-240 (the)-240 (w)10 (orst)-240 (program)-240 (seen,)-240 (the)-240 (v)20 (olano)-240 (serv)15 (er)40 (,)-241 (con-)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(sumes)-337 (77)-336 (Kbytes)-336 (for)-336 (lock)-336 (records,)-336 (a)-336 (tri)25 (vial)-337 (amount)-336 (compared)-336 (with)-336 (the)-336 (se)25 (v)15 (eral)-336 (Mbytes)-337 (used)-336 (for)]TJ
+ T*
+ 0 Tw
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+ /N94 1 Tf
+ 0 -1.75 TD
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+ /N92 1 Tf
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+ -38.75 -1.1667 TD
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+ T*
+ [(is)-251 (that)-252 (the)-252 (cost)-251 (is)-251 (either)-252 (0)-252 (o)0 (r)-251 (1)-252 (w)10 (ord,)-251 (since)-252 (it)-251 (is)-252 (impractical)-251 (to)-252 (ha)20 (v)15 (e)-252 (objects)-251 (of)-252 (fractional)-251 (w)10 (ord)-252 (sizes)]TJ
+ T*
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+ /N94 1 Tf
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+ /N92 1 Tf
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+ -19.2867 -1.1667 TD
+ [(increasing)-291 (object)-292 (sizes,)-291 (our)-291 (locking)-291 (algorithm)-292 (has)-291 (no)-291 (space)-291 (cost)-291 (for)-291 (objects)-291 (that)-292 (are)-291 (not)-291 (synchro-)]TJ
+ T*
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+ 9.5708 53.3333 TD
+ [(T)80 (able 1. Characterization of benchmark programs)]TJ
+ /N91 1 Tf
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+ [(r)18 (eal time, seconds)]TJ
+ -38.926 -2.9 TD
+ [(Benchmark)-2573 (Description)-18031 ( #lines)]TJ
+ 8 0 0 8 405.08 662.33 Tm
+ (a)Tj
+ 10 0 0 10 415.81 658.33 Tm
+ [(#thr)18 (eads)]TJ
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+ (b)Tj
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+ (with)Tj
+ -0.943 -1.2 TD
+ (extrafast)Tj
+ 4.314 1.2 TD
+ (without)Tj
+ -0.249 -1.2 TD
+ (extrafast)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ -42.822 -1.7 TD
+ [(Hello)-5351 (Hello w)10 (orld program)-17433 (5)-4004 (1)-2754 (0.7)-2875 (0.7)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(_201_compress)-1296 (LZW compression and decompression)-9453 (927)-4004 (1)-2254 (45.8)-2375 (46.0)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(_202_jess)-3573 (V)111 (ersion of N)35 (ASA)111 (\325)55 (s)0 ( CLIPS e)15 (xpert system shell)-5111 (10,579)-4004 (1)-2254 (22.3)-2375 (24.8)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(_209_db)-4073 (Search and modify a database)-12176 (1,028)-4004 (1)-2254 (72.1)-2375 (87.9)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(_213_ja)21 (v)25 (a)0 (c)-3009 (Source to bytecode compiler)-12147 (25,211)-4004 (1)-2254 (42.7)-2375 (48.9)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(_222_mpe)15 (g)6 (audio)-650 (Decompress audio \336le)-16202 (n/a)-4004 (1)-2254 (50.4)-2375 (51.3)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(_227_mtrt)-3406 (Multi-threaded image rendering)-11342 (3,799)-4004 (2)-2254 (13.2)-2375 (13.6)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(_228_jack)-3407 (P)16 (arser generator generating itself)-10887 (8,194)-4004 (1)-2254 (34.5)-2375 (38.0)]TJ
+ T*
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+ T*
+ [(_233_tmix)-3239 (Thread mix: sort, crc, producer)19 (-consumer)40 (, primes, etc.)-2376 (8,194)-3504 (14)-2254 (28.8)-2375 (29.1)]TJ
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+ -41.197 -0.85 TD
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+ 0 -1.7 TD
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+ 10 0 0 10 71.64 400.33 Tm
+ [(a.)-385 (Approximate lines of source code in the benchmark itself, e)14 (xcluding class library code.)]TJ
+ 0 -1.5 TD
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+ 1.079 -1.2 TD
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+ T*
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+ -1.079 -1.5 TD
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+ T*
+ [(d.)-329 (http://www)64 (.sun.com/softw)11 (are/jwebserv)15 (er/inde)14 (x.html.)]TJ
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+ BT
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+ 0 Tc
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+ 0 -1.1667 TD
+ [(\(probably\))-296 (be)-298 (used.)-297 (Thus,)-297 (it)-296 (can)-297 (be)-297 (ar)18 (gued,)-297 (our)-297 (algorithm)-297 (has)-297 (no)-297 (space)-296 (o)15 (v)15 (erhead)-297 (for)-296 (objects)-297 (that)]TJ
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+ /N92 1 Tf
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+ T*
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+ /N94 1 Tf
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+ /N92 1 Tf
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+ T*
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+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 0 -1.8333 TD
+ [(In)-314 (this)-314 (section)-314 (we)-314 (compare)-314 (the)-315 (speed)-314 (of)-314 (our)-314 (synchronization)-314 (algorithm)-314 (in)-314 (EVM,)-315 (using)-315 (the)-314 (e)15 (xtra)]TJ
+ 0 -1.1667 TD
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+ T*
+ [(of)-280 (synchronization)-281 (rather)-280 (than)-280 (the)-280 (speed)-280 (of)-281 (conte)15 (xt)-280 (switching)-281 (pro)16 (vided)-280 (by)-281 (the)-280 (underlying)-281 (operat-)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(ing)-248 (system,)-248 (we)-247 (use)-248 (programs)-248 (that)-247 (primarily)-248 (do)-247 (uncontended)-248 (synchronization.)-247 (Section)-248 (6.3.2)-247 (sho)25 (ws)]TJ
+ T*
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+ T*
+ (in part.)Tj
+ 0 -1.75 TD
+ [(Ideally)65 (,)-325 (w)0 (e)-324 (w)10 (ould)-324 (compare)-324 (dif)24 (ferent)-324 (synchronization)-324 (algorithms)-324 (directly)-324 (by)-324 (implementing)-325 (them)]TJ
+ 0 -1.1667 TD
+ [(as)-298 (alternati)26 (v)15 (e)0 (s)-297 (i)0 (n)-298 (the)-297 (same)-297 (virtual)-297 (machine.)-298 (In)-297 (our)-298 (case,)-297 (ho)25 (we)25 (v)15 (e)0 (r)40 (,)-297 (this)-297 (approach)-297 (w)9 (a)0 (s)-297 (impractical.)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(First,)-308 (the)-307 (implementation)-307 (ef)25 (fort)-307 (is)-307 (non-tri)25 (vial.)-307 (Second,)-307 (an)-308 (algorithm)-307 (added)-307 (quickly)-307 (to)-307 (a)-308 (JVM)-307 (for)]TJ
+ 3.7517 53.4167 TD
+ [(T)79 (able 2. Objects allocated, objects synchronized on, and lock records all\
+ ocated)]TJ
+ /N91 1 Tf
+ 10 0 0 10 141.62 687.33 Tm
+ [(Benchmark)-5556 (# objects)-2691 (# objs sync\325ed on)-1574 (# lock r)18 (ecords)]TJ
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 0 -1.7 TD
+ [(Hello)-11867 (2,076)-2970 (262)-250 ( \(12.6%\))-7218 (40)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(_201_compress)-7812 (8,917)-2970 (936)-250 ( \(10.5%\))-7218 (40)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(_202_jess)-8339 (7,934,141)-2720 (6,545)-250 ( \(0.1%\))-7218 (40)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(_209_db)-8839 (3,213,429)-2220 (17,123)-500 (\(0.5%\))-7218 (40)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(_213_ja)20 (v)25 (a)0 (c)-7774 (5,912,859)-1720 (351,538)-500 (\(5.9%\))-7218 (40)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(_222_mpe)15 (gaudio)-6665 (12,009)-3470 (994)-250 ( \(8.3%\))-7218 (40)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(_227_mtrt)-8172 (6,641,320)-2720 (1,195)-500 (\(0.0%\))-7218 (60)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(_228_jack)-8173 (6,841,290)-1720 (506,157)-250 ( \(7.4%\))-7218 (40)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(_224_richards)-7868 (36,065)-2720 (1,878)-500 (\(5.2%\))-7218 (80)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(_233_tmix)-8005 (1,366,985)-1220 (169,823)-250 ( \(12.4%\))-6718 (140)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(SwingMark)-7617 (2,345,281)-2220 (69,245)-500 (\(3.0%\))-6718 (100)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(v)20 (olano serv)15 (er)-7709 (140,335)-2720 (6,334)-500 (\(4.5%\))-5968 (3,280)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(v)20 (olano client)-7915 (661,199)-2720 (3,643)-500 (\(0.6%\))-5968 (3,240)]TJ
+ T*
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+ PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
+ userdict /pgsave get restore
+ showpage
+ %%PageTrailer
+ %%EndPage
+ %%Page: 24 24
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+ userdict /pgsave save put
+ PDFVars begin PDF begin PDFVars/InitAll get exec
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+ 1 g
+ /N93 /ExtGState findRes gs
+ 1 i
+ 0 0 612 792 re
+ f
+ BT
+ /N92 1 Tf
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+ 0 g
+ 0 Tc
+ (21)Tj
+ -19 36.1108 TD
+ [(the)-239 (purpose)-240 (of)-239 (measuring)-239 (will)-239 (be)-239 (at)-240 (an)-238 (inherent)-239 (disadv)25 (antage)-239 (compared)-238 (with)-239 (an)-239 (algorithm)-238 (that)-239 (has)]TJ
+ 0 -1.1667 TD
+ [(been)-260 (tuned)-260 (with)-260 (the)-260 (rest)-260 (of)-260 (the)-260 (system)-260 (o)15 (v)15 (e)0 (r)-260 (a)-260 (long)-259 (period.)-261 (Third,)-260 (it)-261 (may)-260 (be)-260 (technically)-260 (impossible)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(to)-339 (k)10 (eep)-339 (all)-339 (other)-340 (f)10 (actors)-339 (constant,)-339 (since)-339 (each)-340 (algorithm)-339 (may)-340 (tak)10 (e)-339 (adv)26 (antage)-340 (of)-339 (features)-339 (that)-340 (the)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(other)-230 (one)-229 (does)-230 (not)-229 (use)-229 (\(e.g.,)-230 (the)-230 (monitor)-229 (cache)-230 (w)10 (orks)-230 (best)-230 (in)-229 (the)-230 (presence)-230 (of)-229 (handles\).)-229 (Since)-230 (EVM)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(and)-235 (the)-235 (original)-235 (JVM)-235 (dif)25 (fer)-236 (in)-235 (man)15 (y)-236 (respects,)-235 (comparing)-235 (bottom-line)-235 (performance)-235 (does)-235 (not)-235 (re)25 (v)15 (eal)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(much)-585 (about)-584 (the)-585 (tw)10 (o)-584 (systems\325)-584 (synchronization)-584 (code.)-584 (F)15 (ortunately)65 (,)-584 (a)-584 (dif)25 (ferent)-585 (measurement)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(approach)-250 (can)-250 (gi)25 (v)15 (e)-250 (us)-250 (the)-250 (information)-250 (we)-251 (w)10 (ant.)-250 (Consider)-250 (a)-250 (program)-1361 (that)-251 (performs)-250 (synchroniza-)]TJ
+ T*
+ [(tion.)-285 (Construct)-285 (the)]TJ
+ /N94 1 Tf
+ 7.7725 0 TD
+ (baseline)Tj
+ /N92 1 Tf
+ 3.6183 0 TD
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+ T*
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+ ET
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+ userdict /pgsave get restore
+ showpage
+ %%PageTrailer
+ %%EndPage
+ %%Trailer
+ %%EOF
|
